Chewing gum base



I Wti. Gal-Irena. -M i; Samuel; G..

. allllnors tojlenn or lmia; lndfltrialt h oalq mratlon, a-

oomratiomota'lonnsyiranim mumiomapriua 1940;

tChinizj: (ems-13s) v invention: relates-to::chewingwgum; oontaininesyntheticresim.

it: is ;therpriniary fobjectgof my invention to;

provide as-ehewingagunn base: ofiimproved proper- 411.01 the terpenes are cyclic, hydrocarbons which causes the progressive darkening, or yelweight and elastic content which cannot, by mere responding to-the. general formula CioHio. They are not susceptible to the .iormation of aldehydes,'

ties;andtone whiclnmay: be madeby;facilitated l wing. whi h o marone-indene. resin is p r- I izvroccdure..layvirtueiofitlieinclusiominthechewticularlyv subject, and which also in large measure in: gum" base. one novel i ingredient which; we. contributes .tothe disagreeable odor of that resin. have;-discovered-rtotposse g .unexpectedly dVflIlQ- Terpene resins produced by catalytic polymeriza tageousaadaptabilityeioirand irrgthatassociation; tionin terpene substances. such as; gumspirits Heretofore';coumaroneeindene,"resin;,which;has. and wood turpentlnehave-however been so dirit's.:-initial" derivation;inz tiieabyeproductiycolring, flcult of, production in'their higher polymeric,

' oiia i -rb larg m. used; in chewing-8111111 forms that there has not until recently been ba'sesea, matzresm; a :nurmallgvproduo d hg z1 commercially available a terpene resin 01'. even. hcmntix aassociatediwlthxit. thedistinctive oaor; m d a y i h m iti s point i h has n oficoalfsderivediaromatics; vWhereas its; onstitua sessezipproperties rendering its general use advan- 4 eat;- ind'ene; .is-z'a=;,truar hydrocarbon; its,;-constitutageous'. There is. available as av new material v t; m n ;isi moxra ne ont i ins.atom of" commerce a terpene resin which, as produced.

icgsusceptihle--ingits= poiymenoostwell'as, inits; in. accordance with the method disclosed and I monomeric format'o; aldehyde; iormati0n'.. The claimed y amu l r shai application dimers: or: coumarone and: indenei in" which; the: 2023 238390- filedflugust 4, 1939, is 0 when poiymersfogtthosey t n mei posed essentially, or atleast preponderantly, of nouess. -inahigh:order theicharacleristic odonand-t P l me s of beta-pinene.-. Whether or no ti z l fg -t fl r such resin: containspolymers of the; otherpoly:

Itiisrequisite' -thereiore;,thatqcoumaroneeindene i fib W i i '8319111Wine-1,1e and resin-begivenwat: least: onerspecializedz treatment terpioolene. its melting. P i d i p perties g .1; t lusioncinchewing are so dependent upon it reponderant formatoielimlnatesubstanccs otiparticularly disagree: 1 t -P 1 polymersthat' w ma l miable' -odor-and'itaste; suchvas-prei'ormedaldehydes, fiobly m beta-Phone resin- Currently this andthat-t itbernretreatedftoavoid; onto-decreases -n esinm y e on d ed omm thetefl'ect: of aldehyde-formatlonz-intheresiins The; @1111? to be high-melting terpene' resin- In limitedr solubility of high;' melting ,couramone- 9 with the extent hlndeneresim, andtthestronziy unpies ane odor' b -P 1 Polymers, and in accordance wi of itstdimers detracts; from; the-desirability or the Procedure employed in reooverins the P coumarone-indeneresili-asaan-aingredientiot'chewa the Delia-Pinenev resin may v a melting 13mm! 5 pointioi' from about C, to C. (ball and z ave discoveredz andi'uponsuchdiscovery Pm!) gun-Invention;msm mag te m maywithz. This polymerization productrirrespective oi its peculiar advantage m d ingredient; melting: point, or average molecular weight, has ofvchemimjgmsfibombtolmplaceicoumuone a color intensity lower than. a No. 1 color on the lhd'cnq-resim1n-knpwmiformulqe typicallyfirclud; 40; paracoumarone resin color scale. Its acid: numcoumarone-indene-.:-.resin;-,fand1 in; formulae andsapomncamnnumber is appmximately containingiingredientsxwith which ,coumarone-. comparatively. w iodine v indeneresin may-notzbeincluded; L ying inversely with t e melting point ofthe peneresins are Iirmidelnothe=polymerization y of:te m; in m {it In itsmore modern formulation, chewing gum pene-matetialcknowneasz gumapiritsf' oie'tur' enr typically c n i s b nor'a Iubber-Hke u :.1 t t u u t m; stance togive strength and cohesion to the base; turpentine!" By polymexrl zation.v of th resin toimodii'y the resilience inherent in the rubisp lymeric terpenersubstances are pmdutiedf her inthe base; amrplasticizer to'sotten the mixwhichvaryywid'elyi-inirreltingapolnt, inr ae om-. goo tureoi rubberand' resin; In the complete chew-- once with: theorder. oi s polymerization propor-= i B m. other ingredients. su s ri 011s. tionally;eiiectediintheiig constitutlon, .=ang inacsugar, and sometimes medicaments are included. cordancewith-the proportionalretention,otter-g c nside ns merely the chewing gum base, the pene-dimers,,ancteiterpeness or molecular wei'ghtrubber r v de n x re e y i h l c ar-' lower-thanthator thedimers:

addition of a plasticizer, be brought to the condition of a solid coupling moderate deformability with moderate elasticity. The resin is a moderate molecular-weight inelastic and friable content, which cannot by mere addition of plasticizer be rendered elastic. The rubber and the resin best- We have discovered that even the highest melting point terpene resin is wholly compatible with rubber to give a homogeneous-mixture for plasticizing. It is also soluble in a white mineral oil of aliphatic constitution, even at relatively low temperatures, and is likewise soluble in the various vegetable oils. including edible oils, such as olive oil, cottonseed oil, hydrogenated oils and in chewing gum' bases. It is compatible with solid aliphatics such as paraffln wax, and the other petroleum waxes. This compatibility and solubility it possesses without any specialized" pretreatment, such as hydrogenation.

While-without specialized pre-treatment, the terpene resin even in its lower melting examples containing a substantial content of terpene dimers, possesses no unpleasant taste or odor, there is advantage derivable from using a high melting resin compatible with the rubber and plasticizer of the chewing gum base. The high melting resin tends to give a consistency of the most desirable sort, and lessens the tendency for the chewing gum to become soft and tacky when it has been for some time masticated. We have found that we may use terpene resin containing high polymers and from which dimers have wholly been removed, such for example as beta-pinen'e resin melting well above 100 C. with rubber of thesort conventional in the manufacture of chewing bases and with a plasticizer of conventional sort,

to produce a permanently plastic chewing gum. That is, the chewing gum does not show any tendency to become cheesy by separation of the resin and rubber upon aging. The absence of cheesiness," which is caused by a separation usually spoken of as graining out" of the higher polymers of the resin, is attributable to a mutual solubility, or compatibility, of unusually high order.-

It may here be explained that the phenomenon of cheesiness, above referred to, results in the well-known tendency of chewing gum to become brittle upon aging as its content of resin such as coumarone-indene resin, and its content of rubber, tend gradually to separate. Coumarone-indene resin, not having high solubility in aliphatics, may be considered to be substantially insoluble in white mineral oil. At a temperature 'of50 (3., even the fifth and sixth stage (i. e. 5 and 6 unit) polymers of'coumarone and indene cloud out of white mineral oil. It is therefore impossible with coumarone-indene resin to use a high polymer resin plasticized with a relatively great quantity of white mineral oil. It would, therefore, be necessary to use a soft, odorous, coumarone-indene resin with white mineral oil, unless the nature of the coumarone-indene resin is altered,'as by the relatively expensive expedient of hydrogenation. It may be noted that white mineral on, 5

being a tasteless and odorless plasticizer, would very desirably be included in chewing gum bases."

Also, although the terpene dimers do not have an unpleasant taste and odor, it is desirable to use a high melting terpene resin which is devoid of taste and odor, in order that the chewing gum in which the base is used may have the full typi- 6 cal flavor of the conventional flavoring ingredients which are added to the base in making up the chewing gum for the-market.- I 5 -I"0r-. these.several'reasoris we prefer to use a terpene resin which does not have a large pro- 1 portion of dimers, andwhich does contain a substantial proportion ofrelatively high polymers.

- While it cannot be established that there is any critical. meltingpoint at or above which the terpane-resin becomeswholly desirable for our purpose. any terperie 'resinwhich melts from about 80""0. upward has a relatively low content of n dimers and. contains some polymers of desirably I- great molecular weight. As above indicated,

high-melting terpene resin (terpene resin melt- .20 ing from 80 C.) is, as a material of commerce, fats, and like oily substances conventionally used currently represented by beta-pinene resin consisting essentially, or at least preponderantly, of

beta-pinene polymers: although it is possible to make terpene resin which has such melting point,

and which cannot be said to consist preponderantly of the polymers of beta-pinene.

Chewing gum bases in accordance with our-invention may be made up in accordance with .variousform'ulaefand the following formulae are so given merely as illustrative of bases including the terpene resin which also, include invaryingproportion thjevarious conventional chewing gum base ingredients, such as the conventional gum grade rubber, rubber-like substances, waxes, balsams, oils, and the like. Illustrative formulae of this sort may be givenas follows;

40 Beta-pinene resin M. P. 13 5f C. ba1 1 an These formulae-give a'chewinggum base whio is adequately plastic and which remains plastic uponaging without the development of undesirablei cheesiness and 'brittleness. When chewed, it is a flrm'plastic mass which does not develop undue softness or'tackiness as mastication proceeds- It hasnoperceptible odor or flavonand istherefore ideal for the addition of typical chewing gumflavors. a I The relatively permanent plasticity of chewing gum bases illustrated by these formulae is attributable to the high solubility of the terpene resin in the conventionally included vegetable oils,1and in the white mineral-oil. The latter is a desirable ingredient which has been used in chewing gum bases, when the solubility of the included resin has permitted but cannot be considered to be a conventional ingredient of chewing gum bases because of the lack of commercially available,,and otherwise satisfactory resins which are soluble in it. The chewing gum bases 75 which include terpene resin-,do not have any lack of resistance to oral acids and alkalis attributable to the presence or the resin.

In compounding the chewing gum base, the plasticizers, or plasticizer, may be blended with the resin, and the blend when milled with the rubber; or, if the apparatus used be suitable, the resin and the rubber may simultaneously be mixed with each other and with the plasticizer, or plasticizers. It is to be understood that a terpene resin plasticized by its own dimer content to a melting point of about 50 C. to 70 C.,

may be used if the relatively pleasant terpene odor is not deemed objectionable, and it it is not deemed requisite that the chewing gum base have, by virtue of its resin content, the toughness attendant upon substantial inclusion or the higher terpene polymers.

It is to be emphasized that no specialized pretreatment of the terpene resin is necessary, but that a well-purified terpene resin is in condition for use in chewing gum bases, without any treatment purposed to render it suitable for that use. We claim as our invention:

1. A chewing gum base consisting essentially of conventional chewing gum base ingredients, white mineral oil, and high melting terpene resin unaltered by treatment.

2. A chewing gum base containing terpene resin unaltered by treatment, melting higher than 100 C., plasticized with white mineral oil.

3. A chewing gum base consisting essentially of conventional chewing gum base ingredients,

white mineral oil, and terpene resin unaltered 4. A chewing gum base consisting essentially of conventional chewing gum base ingredients, white mineral oil, and beta-.pinene resin unaltered by treatment, melting within the approximate range of 80 C. to 150' C.

5. A chewing gum base containing beta-pinene resin unaltered by treatment, melting higher than 100 C., plasticized with white mineral oil.

6. A chewing gumbase consisting essentially of conventional chewing gum base ingredients, white mineral oil, and high-melting beta-pinene resin unaltered by treatment.

7. A chewing gum base consisting essentially of high melting terpene resin' unaltered by treatment and plasticized with white mineral oil to a melting point of about C. to C. forthe blend, and conventional chewing gum base ingredints.

8. A chewing gum base consisting essentially 01 high melting beta-pinene resin unaltered by treatment and plasticized with white mineral oil to a melting point of about 50 C. to 70? C. for the blend, and conventional chewing gum base ingredients.

FRANK W. CORKERY. SAMUEL G. BURROUGHS; 

